Boccippio, D. J., E. R. Williams, S. J. Heckman, W. A. Lyons, I. T. Baker, and R. Boldi (1995), Sorites, ELF transients and positive ground strokes, Science, 269, 1088.
Boeck, W. L., O. H. Vaughan, Jr., R. Blakeslee, B. Vonnegut, M. Brook, and J. McKune (1995), Observations of lighting in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, (D1), 1465, doi:10.1029/94JD02432. [CrossRef]
Dowden, R. L., and C. J. Rodger (1997), Decay of vertical plasma column: A model to explain VLF sprites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, (22), 2765, doi:10.1029/97GL02822. [CrossRef]
Dowden, R. L., C. D. D. Adams, J. B. Brundell, and P. E. Dowden (1994), Rapid onset, rapid decay (RORD), phase and amplitude perturbation of VLF subionospheric transmission, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 56, (11), 1513, doi:10.1016/0021-9169(94)90118-X. [CrossRef]
Dowden, R. L., J. B. Brundell, and W. A. Lyons (1996), Are VLF rapid onset, rapid decay perturbations produced by scattering of sprite plasma?, J. Geophys. Res., 101, (D14), 175, doi:10.1029/96JD01346. [CrossRef]
Dowden, R. L., S. Hardman, J. Brundell, J. Bahr, Z. Kawasaki, and K. Nomura (1997), Red sprites observed in Australia, IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., 39, (6), 106.
Franz, R. C., R. J. Nemzek, and J. R. Winckler (1990), Television image of a large upward electrical discharge above a thunderstorm system, Science, 249, 48.
Fukunishi, H., Y. Takahashi, M. Kubota, K. Sakanoi, U. S. Inan, and W. A. Lyons (1996a), Elves: Lighting-induced transient luminous events in the low ionosphere, paper presented at the 10th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Int. Comm. on Atmos. Electr., Osaka, Japan.
Fukunishi, H., Y. Takahashi, M. Kubota, K. Sakanoi, U. S. Inan, and W. A. Lyons (1996b), Elves: Lighting-induced transient luminous events in the low ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, (16), 2157, doi:10.1029/96GL01979. [CrossRef]
Galiuk, Yu. P., A. B. George, and V. V. Kirillov (1989), Position of the effective ionospheric reflecting layer for electromagnetic ELF waves, Problems Diffr. Propagat. (in Russian), 22, 85.
Helliwell, R. A., J. P. Katsufrakis, and M. L. Trimpi (1973), Whistler-induced amplitude perturbation in VLF propagation, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 4679.
Inan, U. S., D. C. Shafer, W. Y. Yip, and R. E. Orville (1988), Subionosphiric VLF signature of nigh-time D region perturbations in the vicinity of lighting discharges, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 455.
Inan, U. S., T. F. Bell, and J. V. Rodriguez (1991), Heating and ionization of the low ionosphere by lighting, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 705.
Inan, U. S., T. F. Bell, V. P. Pasko, D. D. Sentman, E. M. Wescott, and W. A. Lyons (1995), VLF signatures of ionospheric disturbances associated with sprites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, (24), 3461, doi:10.1029/95GL03507. [CrossRef]
Inan, U. S., W. A. Sampson, and Y. N. Tarasenko (1996), Space-time structure of optical flashes and ionization changes produced by lighting-EMP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, (2), 133, doi:10.1029/95GL03816. [CrossRef]
Kirillov, V. V. (1979), A method of calculation of VLF vertical electric dipole field in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide, Problems Diffr. Propagat. (in Russian), 17, 57.
Kirillov, V. V. (1981), Electromagnetic waves in the thin spherical waveguide with anisotropic impedance walls, Problems Diffr. Propagat. (in Russian), 19, 30.
Lyons, W. A. (1994), Characteristics of luminous structures in the stratosphere above thunderstorms as imaged by low-light video, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, (10), 875, doi:10.1029/94GL00560. [CrossRef]
Lyons, W. A. (1996), Sprite observations above the U.S. high plains in relation to their parent thunderstorm system, J. Geophys. Res., 101, (D23), 641, doi:10.1029/96JD01866. [CrossRef]
Nunn, D. (1996), On the numerical modelling of the VLF Trimpi effect, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 537.
Orlov, A. B., A. E. Pronin, and A. N. Uvarov (2000), The electron density of lower ionosphere profile modelling according to the VLF propagation data, Problems Diffr. Propagat. (in Russian), 28, 83.
Pasko, V. P., U. S. Inan, T. F. Bell, and Y. N. Tarasenko (1997), Sprites produced by quasi-electrostatic heating and ionization in the low ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, (A3), 4529, doi:10.1029/96JA03528. [CrossRef]
Rairden, R. L., and S. B. Mende (1995), Time resolved sprite imagery, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, (24), 3465, doi:10.1029/95GL03332. [CrossRef]
Rodger, C. J. (1999), Red sprites, upward lighting, and VLF perturbations, Rev. Geophys., 37, (3), 317, doi:10.1029/1999RG900006. [CrossRef]
Rodger, C. J. (2003), Subionospheric VLF perturbation associated with lighting discharges, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 65, (5), 591, doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00325-5. [CrossRef]
Rowland, H. L., R. F. Fernsler, J. D. Huba, and P. A. Bernhardt (1995), Lighting driven EMP in the upper atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, (4), 361, doi:10.1029/95GL00012. [CrossRef]
Rycroft, M. J. (1973), Enhanced energetic electron intensities at 100 km altitude and a whistler propagating through the plasmasphere, Planet. Space Sci., 21, (2), 239, doi:10.1016/0032-0633(73)90009-3. [CrossRef]
Sentman, D. D., and E. M. Wescott (1995), Red sprites and blue jets: Thunderstorm-excited optical emission in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and ionosphere, Phys. Plasmas, 2, (6), 2514, doi:10.1063/1.871213. [CrossRef]
Soloviev, O. V. (1990), On the solution to the propagation problem for the locally irregular waveguide, Radiophysics (in Russian), 33, (9), 1078.
Soloviev, O. V. (1998), Low frequency radio wave propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide perturbed by a large-scale three-dimensional irregularity, Radiophysics, 41, (5), 588.
Soloviev, O. V., and V. V. Agapov (1997), An asymptotic three-dimensional technique to study radio wave propagation in the presence of a localized perturbation of environment, Radio Sci., 32, (2), 515, doi:10.1029/96RS02919. [CrossRef]
Soloviev, O. V., and M. Hayakawa (2002), Three-dimensional subionospheric VLF field diffraction by a truncated highly conducting cylinder and its application to Trimpi effect problem, Radio Sci., 37, (5), 1079, doi:10.1029/2001RS002499. [CrossRef]
Stenbaek-Nilsen, H. C., D. R. Moundry, E. M. Wescott, D. D. Sentman, and F. T. Sao (2000), Sprites and possible mesospheric effects, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, (23), 3829, doi:10.1029/2000GL003827. [CrossRef]
Uman, M. A. (1987), The Lighting Discharge, Int. Geophys. Ser., vol. 39, Elsevier, New York.
Valdivia, J. A., G. M. Milikh, and K. Papadopoulos (1997), Red sprites: Lightings as a fractal antenna, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, (24), 3169, doi:10.1029/97GL03188. [CrossRef]
Vaughan, O. H., Jr., R. Blakeslee, W. L. Boeck, B. Vonnegut, M. Brook, and J. McKune, Jr. (1992), A cloud-to-space lighting as recorded by the space shuttle payload-bay camera, Mon. Weather Rev., 35, (7), 1459, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1459:ACTSLA>2.0.CO;2. [CrossRef]
Wescott, E. M., D. D. Sentman, M. J. Heavner, D. L. Hampton, D. L. Osborne, and O. H. Vaughan, Jr. (1996), Blue starters: Brief upward discharges from an intense Arkansas thunderstorm, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, (16), 2153, doi:10.1029/96GL01969. [CrossRef]
Winckler, J. R. (1995), Further observations of cloud-ionosphere discharges above thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 100, (D7), 14,335, doi:10.1029/95JD00082. [CrossRef]
Winckler, J. R., W. A. Lyons, T. E. Nelson, and R. J. Nemzek (1996), New high-resolution ground-based studies of sprites, J. Geophys. Res., 101, (D3), 6997, doi:10.1029/95JD03443. [CrossRef]