Figure 1. The map showing the projections of the major hot plumes and downgoing cold mantle flows onto the Earth surface. The spreading axis are shown in violet, the subduction zones, in dark blue, and the main fracture zones of various types, after the electronic geodynamic globe. (1) The superplumes located mainly in the depth range of 2900-1200 km; (2) "through" segments of superplumes (at all depth levels); (3) more shallow plumes (higher than 600 km); (4) the most persistent down-going flows of the cold mantle material.